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Wawrzyniec Grzymała Goślicki ((ラテン語:Laurentius Grimaldius Goslicius); between 1530 and 1540 – 31 October 1607) was a Polish nobleman, Bishop of Poznań (1601–1607), political thinker and philosopher best known for his book ''De optimo senatore'' (1568). ==Biography== Born near Płock, after studying at Kraków's Jagiellonian University and at Padua and Bologna,〔 he entered the Roman Catholic Church. In 1569 he also joined the Polish royal chancery and as a secretary served two kings, Sigismund II Augustus and Stefan Batory, and was successively appointed bishop of Kamieniec Podolski (1586), Chełm (1590), Przemyśl (1591), and Poznań (1601).〔〔 Goślicki was a man of affairs, highly esteemed by contemporaries, and frequently engaged in active politics. He was also a staunch advocate of religious tolerance in Poland. It was due to his influence and to a letter that he wrote to the Pope against the Jesuits that they were prevented from establishing schools at Kraków during his reign. He was the only prelate who, in 1587, acceded to the Warsaw Confederation. Goślicki's Latin book ''De optimo senatore'' (published during his stay in Italy in Venice, 1568〔) and dedicated to King Zygmunt August, subsequently appeared in four English translations: as ''The Counsellor'' ( considered inaccurate) in 1598, ''A commonwealth of good counsaile'' in 1607, ''The Accomplished Senator... Done into English... By Mr. Oldisworth'' in 1733, and most recently as ''The Accomplished Senator'' in K. Thompson's translation in 1992. The book proved immensely important in Britain among forces opposed to the Tudor monarchy; it was widely quoted and cited in opposition pamphlets and leaflets during the period leading up to the British Civil Wars of the 1640s.〔Poland’s 1997 Constitution in Its Historical Context; Daniel H. Cole, Indiana University School of Law, 22 September 1998 http://indylaw.indiana.edu/instructors/cole/web%20page/polconst.pdf〕 In this book Goślicki shows the ideal statesman who is well versed in the humanities as well as in economy, politics, and law. He argued that law is above the ruler, who must respect it, and that it is illegitimate to rule over a people against its will. He equated godliness with reason, and reason with law.〔 Many of the book's ideas comprised the foundations of Polish Nobles' Democracy (1505–1795) and were based on 14th-century writings by Stanisław of Skarbimierz. The book was not translated into Polish for 400 years.〔 The book was influential abroad, exporting the ideas of Poland's Golden Freedom and democratic system. It was a political and social classic, widely read and long popular in England after its 1598 translation;〔(What Did Shakespeare Know About Poland? Internet Shakespeare Editions )〕 read by Elizabeth I of England, it was also known by Shakespeare, who used his depiction of an incompetent senator as a model for Polonius in Hamlet.〔 Its ideas might be seen in the turmoil that gripped England around the times of Glorious Revolution.〔 Goślicki's ideas were perhaps suggestive for future national constitutions. Goślicki never wrote that "all men are created equal," but did say, "Sometimes a people, justly provoked and irritated, by the Tyranny and Usurpations of their Kings, take upon themselves the undoubted Right of vindicating their own liberties." The book was allegedly read by Robert Bellarmine, Algernon Sydney and Thomas Jefferson (who had it in his library〔(The Constitution of 3 May 1791 ) by Hon. Carl L. Bucki〕), but there is no evidence of a direct link with Jefferson's Declaration of Independence.〔Daniel H. Cole, "From Renaissance Poland to Poland's Renaissance The Struggle for Constitutionalism in Poland by Mark Brzezinski," ''Michigan Law Review'', Vol. 97, No. 6, 1999 pp. 2062–2102, says (p 2075) the direct link between Goślicki and Jefferson remains elusive—that is no one has shown Jefferson read Goślicki, although it was so asserted by the Polish ambassador to the U.S. in 1932. (in JSTOR )〕 Goślicki argued that distinguished senators were more useful to a state than the king or the common people: :For the king, being alone, cannot see everything and it often happens that either he yields to desires or his emotions disturb his ability of discretion. Also an ignorant crowd without a thought and head (as a proverb says) cannot by any means possess such prudence, while the senate, composed of men distinguished by virtue, prudence, and glory of accomplished deeds is capable from its middle position, as if from an observation point, of caring for the common weal of the state, perceiving those matters which are beneficial, and freeing it from disturbances, rebellions, and dangers.〔Wawrzyniec Goślicki, (THE ACCOMPLISHED SENATOR Book One ) Translated by Michael J. Mikoś. Contains short bio.〕 He was an influence in the framing the Polish Constitution of 3 May 1791, which historian Norman Davies calls "the first constitution of its kind in Europe". 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Wawrzyniec Grzymała Goślicki」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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